TPO_11

In the reading section, the writer contends that reading less literature materials has negative effects on the reading public, culture in general, and the future of literature itself; however, in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by presenting some reasons and examples.

First of all, the writer claims that literature play a key role in stimulating public intellectual by cultivating our imaginations, sympathies, and language skills; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by stating that reading public is not constrained to one form, literature. nowadays there exists a large variety of other subjects such as history and science with high quality which can be replaced. She mentions that literature is one of the means.

Moreover, contrary to the idea in the reading suggesting culture is weaken in general owing to demanding television programs, music videos, and surfing web pages instead of challenging books, the lecturer points to the fact that culture is changing to new form of expressions which is more convenient to contemporary needs and it does not mean wasting time. On the other hand she believes nowadays high quality musics and movies have been produced instead.

In addition, even though the writer indicates throughout a process which less audience leads to less investment on literature by publishers, talented writers miss supports they need and finally literature is the great loser, the professor mentions that less audience is not the cause of this phenomena while it is the effect of it. In fact nowadays authors produce books which are difficult to understand.

TPO-10

In the reading section, the writer clarify there exist two hypothesis regarding to the sea otter declination along the western coast of North America to Alaska; environmental pollution and predators attacks. the author contends that water contamination play a key role on the sea otters declining based on some evidence including high level of chemical pollution on water samples, declination of other sea mammals species, and uneven pattern of otter decline; however, in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by presenting some reasons and examples.

First of all, the writer claims that investigations on water samples reveal change in water composite due to industrial chemical pollution. Scientists assume aforementioned consideration affects sea otter population by decreasing life-threatening resistance of the otters; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by stating that if the hypothesis is correct, a lot of otters corps should wash up on the shores owing to killing effect of polluted water while no died otters have found. Therefore, it seemed more likely to an intense generation in one species change the ecosystem. Thus, otters have been eaten as large creatures food.

Moreover, contrary to the idea in the reading suggesting other sea mammals declining would be an acceptable clue supports water pollution danger to coastal life due to the fact that the entire ecosystem is contaminated, the lecturer asserts owing to human hunters beside the shore the Orca diets have been changed; even though, the Orca prefer large prey, their food is limited to small mammals such as seals and sea lines. the lecturer points to the fact the writer mention which similar condition could occur by the Orca too.

In addition, even though the writer indicates that inconsistency of  otter decline's pattern is the result of uneven concentration of contamination due to currents or other environmental factors, the professor relates this to accessibility of orcas to different part of shore based on some examples. For instance, in shallow and rocky locations there is an stabiliy on otter populations in order to the orcas are mammoth whale could not reach those.

TPO-9

In the reading section, the writer contends that Fuel cell engines, engines which produce electricity by using hydrogen, would be an appropriate alternate for internal-combustion engines due to several reasons including renewable resources of Hydrogen, cutting off car pollution, and cost saving; however , in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by presenting some reasons and examples.

First of all, the writer claims that fuel-cell engines utilize hydrogen which is a renewable source compare to internal-combustion engines are rely on petroleum, a finite resource; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by stating that although hydrogen exists tremendously in the environment, it would be so complicated to make it usable for engines, due to the fact that fuel-cell engines consume exclusively hydrogen in the liquid form. producing and storing liquid hydrogen as an artificial product is a hard process for instance providing very cold condition is a necessity of obtaining it from water. Therefore, these engines would not be a practical solutions.

Moreover, contrary to the idea in the reading suggesting that fuel cells are much more environmental friendly by cutting off producing carbon dioxides, by-product of burning oil; the lecturer asserts that on the other hand, purification of hydrogen is an energy-consuming process which apply coal and oil resources. Thus, although fuel cell engines would not polluted air directly, refining hydrogen in factory would.

In addition, even though the writer indicates that due to high performance of fuel cell automobiles, nearly twice, fuel cell cars would be economical, the professor mentions that how fuel cell cars are expensive owing to applying a kind of expensive metal in engine fabrication. a specific metal which does not undergo chemical reaction during electricity generation. the professor clarified several experiments are conducted to replace this metal with a cheaper one, still have no answer.

TPO_8

In the reading section, the writer casts doubts on the accuracy of the the Chevalier de Seingalt's memoir book, a valuable historical resourse about European society in the eighteenth century, by pointing some examples including his wealth status, documentary of Voltaire's personal converasations, and realsing jail; However, the lecturer contends that this book sounds reliable by presenting some evidence regarding reading points.

First of all, the writer claims Chevalier had not really been very rich, contrary to what mentioened in the book, owing to some evidence reveals he had borrowed money from a Swiss merchant; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by stating that this situation reffered to the time he lost a large amount of money in gambling. He should deal his belongings to cashe to pay his owe. Therefore, he borrowed money.

Moreover, contrary to the critics in the reading suggesting that Chevalier could not trace all points of events, for instance the Voltair and Chevaliers conversationes, after many years they occurred, the lecturer asserts that there are several notes from the Chevalier which wrote down every day life detials such as his conservations and could conformed to whole body later.

In addition, even though the writer indicates that escaping from jail mentioned in book sounds story tellings tricks such as adding some exictement instead of the truth: offering bribe to his politically powerful friends in Venice, the professor point to the fact that the ceiling of the jail where he addressed was repaired at that time.

TPO-7

In the reading section, the writer contends that in order to forest preservation and sustainablity goals, wood companies recently receive an ecocertification from an international organization. This indicator could have some commertial benefits for company owerers due to public awarness of eco friendly products. the writer claims that despite adapting many wood companies around the world to these new ecological trends, based on some reasons including customers unfollowing inundate advertisements and therefore ecocertification label, more expensive ecocerificated products, local markets dominant throgughout the United States, wood companies around the country scarcly keep up with the developments in the rest of the world; However, in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by presenting some reasons and examples.

First of all, the writer claims that inundate advertisments with encourging slagons does not arouse American consumers apetite any more including ecocertificated labels; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by stating that consumers pay attention to 

TPO-6

In the reading section, the writer asserts that communal online encyclopedias are much less valuable than traditional printed ones due to any internet user  (خیلی مفهوم نیست).can contribute a new article or make an editorial change by representing some reasons and examples: inaccurate information by nonspecialist contributors, original text distortion due to exposing to hackers, and non-categorized information based on importance. 

In the reading section, the writer contends that communal online encyclopedias have some inevitable defects including non-academic and ordinary contributors, corruption of data by indecent users and hackers, and too much concentration on insignificant information which make them less valuable the traditional ones; however, in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by presenting the advantages of online encyclopedia.

inevitable defect: important problems

non-academic and ordinary contributors: lack academic credential .... contributor... internet users

corruption of data: fabricate, delete, and corrupt information

indecent user and hackers: unscrupulous users, vandal, and hackers

unscrupulous: having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair

First of all, the writer indicates that online encyclopedia in many cases spreads inaccurate information owing to lack academic contributors. On the other hand, the lecturer points to the fact that neither online encyclopedia could be comprehensive nor offline based on an example. within 20 years or less, by growth forward in science it reveals some errors in printed ones and it would not be easy to correct.

اصلا وجود نداشته چنین داده ای

First of all, the writer claims that the contribution of some experts and well-educated academic persons to compile traditional encyclopedia provides more reliable information compared to communal online ones which are occasionally written by non-experts; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by stating that traditional encyclopedia do not lack errors and false information. Besides, incorrect and inaccurate data in traditional encyclopedias remain for decades whereas they are easy to erase from their online counterparts.

In addition, the professor casts doubt on the threat of unscrupulous users, vandals, and hackers mentioned in the reading by stating some solutions. She suggests non-formatable contents for crucial data to protect the original text. secondly, the lecturer asserts that special editors could examined data to support this malfunction of online encyclopedia.

Moreover, contrary to the idea in the reading suggesting that unwelcome visitors and hackers cause some sort of corruption in online references and reduce their authenticity, the lecturer asserts that with the aid of some policies and solutions namely, providing files in read-only format and some kind of supervision before any change which is provided by a panel of experts, their offending effects could be negated.

Moreover, the writer considers focus on trivial and popular topics a false impression of what is important and what is not. contrary to the online encyclopedia, the traditional ones contain a sense of proportion. the professor rejects this notion based on some evidence. he claims the printed presenting data in this order due to space limitation. online encyclopedia goes beyond limitation and can reflect a variety of ideas and present diversity truly.

In addition, even though the writer indicates that online encyclopedia consists of such a wide range of information that makes it hard for users to distinguish between significant and insignificant information, the professor mentions that due to the great range of interests and large number of users who frequently surf these online materials, it is better to utilize the unlimited space on the internet and support their interest with great variety of articles. additionally, she asserts that wide range of information is one of the greatest merits of online encyclopedia.

یک

In the reading section, the writer contends that .................................I....................................... including 1,2,and 3, -----------II--------------; however , in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by presenting ------------------V------------------.

First of all, the writer claims that -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by stating that-------------------------------------- . the lecturer points to the fact that ... .

 

Moreover, contrary to the theory in the reading suggesting that--------------------------------------- , the lecturer asserts that ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

In addition, even though the writer indicates that -----------------------------------------, the professor mentions that -----------------------------------------------

I:

numerous advantages

some plausible theories

some inevitable defects

in several respects

some convincing evidence

II:

, based on some evidence

v:

by discussing the advantages of 

by presenting some reasons and examples.

by presenting the advantages of 

conjunction:

owing to the fact that

; therefore,

Additionally,

; thus,

, due to the existence of

, since

due to

, in order to

Besides, 

whereas 

aforementioned claims

could not be convincing enough

is not adequately reasonable to support 

could not