TPO-14

دریافتIn the reading section, the writer contends that salvage logging, removing dead trees from natural disaster damaged forest areas in order to apply in wood industry has numerous advantages for both the destroyed region and the economy including providing revive conditions for damaged areas, declining the danger of insect infestation, wood industry profits, and employment opportunities base on several reasons and examples, however, in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by taking into account some disadvantages of salvage logging.

First of all, the writer claims that removing dead trees and cleaning up the region is a step toward replacing new ones. and then in turn the forest would be rescued; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by pointing to the fact that aforementioned trees play a key role in soil fertility. Decaying remained trees nurtured natural soil and in long term it benefits future generations. Therefore, the soil is deprived by salvage logging.

Moreover, contrary to the theory in the reading suggesting that damaged region would be in a vulnerable condition due to providing a habitat for insect growth, thus salvage logging would be a solution, the lecturer asserts that insects not only do not threaten the forest health but also contribute in food chain in this ecosystem by being captured by other insects and some birds.

In addition, even though the writer indicates that salvage logging compensate negative effects of disasters on the wood markets, the professor mentions that in long term this affects adversely.

Finally the writer points to employment opportunities result in salvage logging operations whereas the lecturer asserts it does not influence the local workforce market at all. In fact almost workers are applied in these projects are temporary outside labors.

TPO-13

In the reading section, the writer contends that the accelerating trend of commercial fossil collectors, have adverse effects including restricting both the public and scientists access to discovered pieces and in addition causing some damages to existed documents due to non-academic attributes among millionaire fossil buyers; however, in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by taking into account some advantages of private collectors competitions.

First of all, the writer claims that the public in general deprive the ease access opportunity to valuable heritages of earth by giving the authorization of fossils to private owners; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by stating that as the fossils are exhibited in order to purchase, there would be a broad exposure. she believes "fossil hunting", the great competition among collectors, provide a chance to public to be announced about the rarest and most important ones.

Moreover, contrary to the idea in the reading suggesting that extinct life studies confronted a reduction in discoveries owing to restricting access of scientists to exceptional pieces, the most appealing ones to millionaire, the lecturer points to the fact that who put a value on a fossil are scientists. Therefore, before taking place a sale, discovered fossil would pass to hands of experts and scientist to examined the value of it by doing some experiments and tests and ignoring scientists is somewhat exaggeration.

In addition. even though the writer indicates that non-academic viewpoint of typical owners toward fossils leads to some damages to documentary of findings due to neglecting small evidence and details, the professor mentions that it outweighs to being undiscovered. according to the professor point of view it is better for science to found new discoveries even with the lack of accurate date regarding location and surrounded them.

TPO-12

In the reading section, the writer contends that the elaborate, full-length portrait of teenage girl belongs to extended family of Jane Austen, the celebrated English novelist, depicts young Jane based on some evidence including Austin family confirmation, resembling to documented sketch of Jane, and applied painting style ; however, in the lecture, the professor casts doubts on the reading points by presenting some reasons and examples.

First of all, the writer claims that Austen extended family's approval to release the portrait in later editions of her book is an evidence of being recognized by her relatives; in contrast, the professor rejects this notion by pointing to the fact that this confirmation dates back to several decades after Austen's death, around 70th years. Therefore, even a member of her family could not have seen her, let alone to evoke his face.

Moreover, contrary to the theory in the reading suggesting that there exists some similarity between amateurish sketch of Jane which was drawing by her sister, Cassandra, the lecturer asserts that the overall shape of face is not a convincing evidence and it could likely belong to the other teenagers of her great family too.

In addition, even though the writer indicates that the style of the painting refers to Ozias Humphrey works, the one who was hired by Austen family at the same period of Jane juvenile, the professor mentions that aforementioned reason is questionable owing to existence of a stamp on blank canvas which reveals the canvas was fabricated and sold almost 70th years after the time portrait assumed to be drawn. In fact in according to stamp's date, Jane should be an old person rather than a young lady in painting.